Tomison, A.M. (b), 'The current state of child abuse prevention programs in Australia: an analysis of the National Child Protection Clearing House databases', Paper presented at the Fifth Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, October , Melbourne. Tower, C.C. (), Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, Allyn & Bacon Since the National Research Council (NRC) report was published, numerous changes have been made to federal and state laws and policies designed to impact the incidence, reporting, and negative health and economic consequences of child abuse and neglect. This chapter reviews the foundations for the development of child abuse and neglect law and policy and describes the current environment Child Abuse and Neglect: A Resource Guide by Kyrsha M. Dryden A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree III Education The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout December, The Graduate School
Does Child Abuse Cause Crime? | NBER
Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Child maltreatment research requires a host of ethical and legal considerations in formulating a research agenda for this field. Although research in this field typically focuses on children who have been identified through case reports of child abuse or neglect, studies on prevention and intervention strategies as well as those on the etiology or consequences of child maltreatment may uncover previously undetected incidents of prior, research paper on child abuse, current, or imminent abuse.
The ethical and legal obligations of research investigators to their research subjects 1 can be problematic, especially when research topics involve embarrassing, violent, research paper on child abuse illegal actions Myers, ; Sieber, a,b. The panel reviewed the state of knowledge about ethical issues in child maltreatment research, both to identify gaps in that knowledge base and to highlight areas in which studies are needed to examine basic assumptions and guidelines that influence research behavior and project outcomes.
Such studies can help clarify the needs and values of the research community, research subjects, and other parts of society; strengthen the integrity of research paper on child abuse on child maltreatment, especially in the development of large data sets; and offer guidance when conflicts develop among competing interests.
Certain key ethical questions deserve explicit attention in the field of child maltreatment studies:. Is it acceptable to misinform or withhold information about the purpose of a study from prospective subjects in a child maltreatment research project? What is the relationship between confidentiality certificates and mandatory reporting requirements? Should information obtained in a study of children's behavior be disclosed to parents or guardians?
The panel also selected several legal issues for review, although the scope of effort in this area was limited by the composition of the panel and the mandate of the study. As a result, the issue of children's rights in the context of adult relationships is not thoroughly explored in this study, even though this issue can be an integral aspect of research efforts, research paper on child abuse. Comprehensive reviews of legal issues in the field of child maltreatment have recently been published see, for research paper on child abuse, Myers,but such reviews focus primarily on legal issues associated with the treatment of child abuse cases within administrative agencies and the courts rather than research studies.
The questions noted above are not completely resolved in the following discussion, research paper on child abuse, but the panel has identified areas in which further research may assist in their resolution.
Ethical and legal issues that require consideration in formulating a research agenda for studies of child maltreatment fall within the following three categories:. The use of human subjects in research.
Research with human subjects involves a well-documented set of research paper on child abuse and legal issues, associated with many different types of scientific studies and investigations, including experimental, field, and clinical research, surveys, observational studies, and interviews Levine, research paper on child abuse, ; Sieber, b; Stanley and Sieber, The use of children in research.
The particularly vulnerable and dependent status of children places special obligations on research investigators, including greater protections for the child's privacy, confidentiality, and autonomy Levine, ; Melton, The developmental status of the child requires special consideration, since differences in the maturity between a preschool child and an adolescent may alter their needs for protection Thompson, Socially sensitive research. Scientists involved in child maltreatment studies must confront ethical and legal questions similar to those that arise on other socially sensitive topics that sometimes include criminal activities, such as research on substance abuse behaviors, prostitution, sexual behaviors, and violence.
This discussion identifies significant ethical and legal issues from each of these categories that should be considered in developing a research agenda for child maltreatment studies. Such issues should be raised explicitly now to strengthen this area of empirical study and to inform the development of policies, regulations, and legislation that may affect subject rights and researcher obligations.
The panel anticipates that ethical and legal issues will gain increasing prominence with the growth of research activities on child maltreatment, especially as researchers acquire the ability and resources to conduct long-term prospective studies of nonclinical samples involving large numbers of children and families.
Appropriate consideration of such issues can research paper on child abuse the integrity of research on child maltreatment. Disregard for these issues can disrupt research investigations and can stimulate additional legislative or bureaucratic requirements that could diminish the scope or creativity of future efforts. Consequently, the panel's research agenda includes topics that can foster greater understanding and possible resolution of difficult ethical or legal issues in child maltreatment research.
Three fundamental principles have guided the ethical framework for research on human subjects: 1 respect for persons—the obligation to treat individuals as autonomous agents and the need to protect those with diminished autonomy; 2 beneficence—the principle commonly interpreted as "doing no harm" as well as maximizing possible benefits and minimizing possible harm; and 3 justice—the principle of fairness, including a fair sharing of burdens and benefits Levine, In most cases, these principles are mutually reinforcing and potential conflicts can be resolved by appropriate research designs and informed consent procedures Levine, But at times, value conflicts and ethical dilemmas can arise.
For example, a scientist might be uncertain whether to emphasize the principle of beneficence or respect for persons in determining whether or not to disclose to a parent information revealed by a child, especially if the child is an adolescent. Research on both victims and offenders in child maltreatment studies is subject to the same federal regulations that govern all human subjects research 45 CFR In addition, federal research paper on child abuse require additional protections for children involved in research Subpart D.
Some studies of child maltreatment may also be governed by Section nonfederally funded studies. In addition to federal regulations, several professional associations such as the American Psychological Association have adopted guidelines that apply to human subjects research.
Federal regulations and professional guidelines generally address the following substantive norms: There should be 1 a good research design, 2 competent investigators, 3 a favorable balance of harm and benefit, 4 informed consent, and 5 equitable selection of research subjects.
Federal regulations require that the scientist prepare a protocol that seeks to achieve scientifically valid results. The interest of the scientist in validity affects all phases of the research project, including the development of the research design, recruitment and selection of the research paper on child abuse sample, research paper on child abuse, assignment of research subjects to control and experimental groups, choice of research instrumentation, and evaluation of research outcomes.
In addition, the research protocol discusses the need for human subjects, associated risks and benefits, and the use of appropriate safeguards for risks associated with the research. The research protocol is reviewed by an appropriately constituted institutional review board to assess the impact of the proposed research on human subjects and to ensure that the safeguards are adequate, research paper on child abuse.
In the research protocol, the research investigator must develop an appropriate informed consent procedure that includes an explanation of potential risks of the research project to each research subject. The assent of the child who is too young to give legal consent must also be obtained.
Both the child and the parent or guardian have the right to veto participation in the study at any point during the procedure. A waiver of requirements of some aspects of informed consent can be obtained as long as certain limits are observed Levine, For example, consent might be waived if the procedure presents no greater burden than mere inconvenience and appropriate safeguards for confidentiality are in place, such as in the use of records without identifiers. Also, research paper on child abuse, a waiver of parental permission may be obtained when parents are not likely to act in the child's best interests.
Research that involves deception or unusual psychological stress often includes provision for a session to debrief or desensitize research subjects following any period of experimental manipulation to ensure that they have not been harmed as a result of the research procedure.
All human subjects research should be voluntary and noncoercive. This condition is particularly important when the research involves persons of dependent status, such as children, prisoners, and the mentally disabled.
Special protections for dependent persons have evolved in federal regulations and professional guidelines, and research paper on child abuse conditions are particularly relevant to child maltreatment research Levine, ; Stanley and Sieber, The National Institutes of Health has established the Office for Protection from Research Risks OPRR which provides legal and ethical guidance to research scientists, administrators, and institutional research boards, research paper on child abuse.
The research paper on child abuse is authorized to suspend research with human subjects that involves violations of Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects.
Where necessary, it can withdraw an institution's departmental assurance of compliance with the regulations. Each research institution that receives federal funds for human subjects research is required to organize an Institutional Review Research paper on child abuse IRB ; the IRB reviews research protocols to determine whether they comply with federal regulations governing human research.
Although IRBs are not the primary arbiters of scientific matters, frequently they discuss aspects of research design and procedures, both in terms of their impact on research subjects and on the likelihood of achieving the stated objective. If risks are involved in the research project, IRB members may request modifications in research design features to improve the validity of the study or to provide safeguards for human subjects in the proposed research project.
Many funders require evidence of IRB approval prior to a funding decision and some scientific journals require evidence of IRB approval prior to acceptance of research manuscripts. A properly constituted IRB may have as few as 5 members, drawn from a variety of disciplines and affiliations, including research scientists, administrative officials, health professionals—such as physicians, nurses, and other specialists involved in selected aspects of clinical care—and ethicists.
Regulations require that IRBs include at least one nonscientist and a community representative, such as a ministers, social worker, or other individual who provides community services. Child maltreatment research protocols are often reviewed by IRBs that examine numerous other clinical or scientific studies unrelated to issues of child abuse and neglect.
Because of the small number of research scientists associated research paper on child abuse child maltreatment research, IRB members or research investigators who are not familiar with the literature or methodology of studies of child abuse and neglect may call on expert consultants to examine protocols in this area for relevant risks and safeguards.
Child victimization can be controversial or sensational in nature, especially when sexual abuse is involved. The potential legal liability of the research institution should emotional harm occur to children or their families during the course of the research can lead to rigorous requirements on the research investigators to demonstrate the need for the research, research paper on child abuse, the validity of the research design, appropriate selection of research subjects and methodologies, and research paper on child abuse treatment of research data and interpretations including safeguards for privacy and confidentiality.
considered in reviewing the significance of ethical and legal issues. Some projects involve only limited contact with research subjects, such as reviews of report records. Survey projects may be done in an anonymous fashion or with identifying information provided for follow-up interviews and evaluations. Some projects require more extensive interactions, and possible interventions, with parents and children. Some studies may raise only one or another ethical or legal issue; some may raise all of them.
Projects that involve large numbers of research subjects, whose behavior is studied in the home over extensive periods of time, are more likely to contain a wider range of difficult ethical and legal issues than those that involve small study samples requiring only minimal interactions between the investigator and subject in an institutional setting. Many ethical issues arise in the course of human subjects research, some of which have special relevance for studies of child maltreatment. Five issues that deserve special attention include: 1 the recruitment of research subjects; 2 informed consent and deception; 3 assignment of subjects to experimental or control programs; 4 issues of privacy, confidentiality, and autonomy; and 5 debriefing or desensitizing of research subjects following research procedures that involve deception or significant stress.
Investigators often have difficulty identifying and recruiting large and representative groups of subjects, especially when investigating controversial or low-base-rate phenomena. Scientists are thus dependent on various institutions and personnel for the assessment and recruitment of appropriate subjects. Potential subjects for child maltreatment research may be referred by family service programs prior to or following a report of child abuse and neglect, or they may be selected from case reports by child protective service or child welfare officials.
Since case workers often identify and recruit potential subjects, the nature of the relationships among the scientific investigator, the case worker, and the research subject in child maltreatment studies deserves special consideration. Researchers generally are familiar with the requirements of voluntarism in human subjects research, but they are often not present when potential subjects are recruited for their project. Many child welfare agencies have a less than ideal clinical relationship with the parents of abused or neglected children Bradley and Lindsay, The status of these research subjects, many of whom may be under investigation or involved in legal pro.
ceedings, is comparable to that of other ''captive populations" in human subjects research. Potential subjects may be told, or may incorrectly believe, that participation in the research will be beneficial to their family or may mitigate severe penalties such as the removal of their children. As a result, elements of real or perceived coercion may exist in a subject's initial agreement to volunteer for the research.
A second issue to consider in subject recruitment is the offering of monetary payments or desired goods in return for research participation. A modest financial stipend is generally appropriate to cover the inconvenience and transportation costs incurred by a participant in a research study Bradley and Lindsay, However, large sums may be coercive, especially for low-income participants Keith-Spiegel and Koocher, ; Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, The American Psychological Association guidelines for research indicate that subjects must be informed of their right to terminate their participation without forfeiting their honoraria American Psychological Association, ; Bradley and Lindsay, Instead of monetary stipends, some investigators offer such items as videotapes of the subjects' children, small household appliances, and toys for the children as incentives for participation, a practice that has not been discussed in professional research guidelines.
One of the most difficult ethical issues to resolve in child maltreatment studies is the extent to which the true purpose of the research project is disclosed to and discussed with the subject or parent. As noted by Bradley and Lindsayin all areas of human research scientists must walk a fine line between protection of their subjects and procedures designed to enhance the validity and merit of scientific results.
The social stigma and legal consequences of child abuse and neglect, as well as the possible ramifications for individuals and their families, research paper on child abuse, require a careful review of fundamental principles that should guide responsible research practice in this area.
Researchers typically believe that full disclosure of the purpose of a child maltreatment study would limit participation to admitted abusers, a procedure that would severely curtail the strength and scope of their research. Subjects therefore might be told that they are participating in a study of "families or children with problems" or "ways that families punish children who misbehave.
study are common, and good clinical judgment is often the primary source of guidance in developing such descriptions. In some cases, prospective subjects may be told that some information is being withheld deliberately Levine, The withheld information may involve the purpose of the entire study or the nature of some methods used in the study.
Many scientists believe that subjects should never be deliberately deceived about the nature of the study, but the deliberate withholding of information may be necessary to maintain the validity of the study.
In cases in which information is deliberately withheld, professional guidelines have urged that disclosure should be given dehoaxing at the conclusion of the subject's participation and the subject should be returned to a good state of mind about the experience desensitizing American Psychological Association, ; Holmes, a,b; Sieber, b.
What are child abuse and neglect?
, time: 2:20Child sexual abuse in India: A systematic review
A Sample Research Paper on Child Abuse. A research paper is an academic piece of writing, so you need to follow all the requirements and standards. Otherwise, it will be impossible to get the high results. To make it easier for you, we have analyzed the structure and peculiarities of a sample research paper on the topic ‘Child Abuse’ Oct 09, · Objective. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a pressing human right issue and public health concern. We conducted a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies published in the past decade on CSA in India to examine the distribution of the prevalence estimates for both genders, to improve understanding of the determinants and consequences of CSA and identify gaps in the current Tomison, A.M. (b), 'The current state of child abuse prevention programs in Australia: an analysis of the National Child Protection Clearing House databases', Paper presented at the Fifth Australasian Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, October , Melbourne. Tower, C.C. (), Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, Allyn & Bacon
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